Toxicity Assessment of Allium sativa and Zingiber officinale using in vivo and in silico Approaches in Mice

The widespread use of Allium sativa (garlic) and Zingiber officinale (ginger) in traditional medicine and nutraceuticals has prompted increased interest in their safety profiles, particularly concerning dosage and long-term effects. This study employs both in vivo and in silico approaches to evaluate the potential toxicity of these plants. Phytochemical analysis identified key bioactive compounds such as allicin, ajoene, gingerol, and shogaol, known for diverse pharmacological effects, but also possessing toxicity risks at elevated doses. In vivo toxicity studies in mice, including acute and sub-chronic exposures, revealed dose-dependent alterations in liver and kidney function enzymes, hematological parameters, and histopathological changes in major organs. Simultaneously, in silico ADMET profiling and molecular docking against toxicity-relevant targets, such as cytochrome P450 enzymes and oxidative stress mediators, predicted hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity potential in some phytochemicals. Comparative analysis confirmed correlations between experimental and computational findings, supporting the integration of both models for comprehensive toxicological evaluation. This study underscores the dual nature of these botanicals, advocating for standardized dosing and further research into chronic toxicity, reproductive effects, and systems toxicology frameworks.